Parkinson’s disease affects more than 10 million people worldwide. It’s a condition in which brain cells stop making a neurotransmitter that helps movement and coordination. While there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, a life-long, progressive neurological condition, scientists and researchers are working towards better understanding the causes and finding new treatments to manage symptoms.
We sat down with neurologist and Parkinson’s disease expert Dr. Hassaan Bashir to learn more about the condition and recent advancements in care.
What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Every patient’s experience of Parkinson’s disease is unique. Typical symptoms include tremor (primarily at rest), slowness of movement (bradykinesia), stiffness (rigidity) and difficulties with walking and balance. However, many patients may also experience constipation, depression, memory problems and other non-movement symptoms. This can be due to the involvement of other neurotransmitters in the brain. Progression varies from person to person.
How is Parkinson’s disease diagnosed?
Parkinson’s disease is a clinical diagnosis, meaning it is based on a doctor’s assessment of symptoms, medical history and neurological examination. It can take time to make the diagnosis, requiring follow-up visits. Blood tests and imaging tests can be helpful to rule out other conditions. Currently, there isn't a specific test to diagnose Parkinson's disease, but there is ongoing research and larger studies are needed.
How common is Parkinson’s disease?
Parkinson’s disease affects more than 1 million people in the United States and over 10 million people worldwide. These numbers are expected to rise significantly by 2030. The risk of developing Parkinson’s increases with age, and the condition is more common in men than in women. While the exact cause isn’t fully understood, researchers believe it results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
How is Parkinson’s disease treated?
Parkinson’s disease can often be managed with medications, lifestyle changes and when needed, surgery. Commonly used treatment options include:
- Dopamine replacement therapy remains a core component of Parkinson’s disease treatment. This is primarily in the form of oral medications, but recent developments include an injectable form also. Other types of medications are used to treat the non-motor symptoms.
- There is strong evidence that daily exercise is beneficial in Parkinson’s disease. Your doctor may refer you to physical therapy for strength and balance training. A proper diet, restful sleep and focus on mental well-being improve the effectiveness of therapy.
- Deep brain stimulation (DBS) involves a surgical procedure to implant electrodes in the brain, connected to a pacemaker-like battery under the skin of the chest, near the collarbone. The treatment involves stimulation of specific targets in the brain to help reduce Parkinson’s disease symptoms. There have been significant advances in this technology. Not all patients are good candidates for this treatment.
- MRI-guided focused ultrasound, also called MRgFUS, is a minimally invasive treatment that helps manage tremor in some people with Parkinson's disease.
What does the future of Parkinson’s treatment look like?
Scientists and researchers around the world are working hard to better understand Parkinson’s disease and find new ways to treat it. We’re learning more about the genetic and environmental factors involved, like exposure to certain chemicals. While there’s no cure yet, progress in research and improved testing bring hope for treatments that could slow or even stop the disease.
