If you've been referred for genetic testing or counseling—or are just considering it—it's normal to feel curious, uncertain or even a little overwhelmed. Here's what to know to feel prepared and at ease.
What are genetic counseling and genetic testing?
- Genetic counseling is a conversation focused on your or your child's health history and your family history. A genetic counselor helps you understand inherited health risks, answers your questions and guides decisions about testing.
- Genetic testing looks at DNA to identify genetic conditions. It can explain symptoms, guide care or provide information useful for the future.
Who should consider genetic testing?
Genetic testing may be worth considering if you or a family member fall into one or more of these groups:
- People with a personal or family history of genetic conditions, inherited diseases or chromosomal abnormalities
- Individuals with unexplained symptoms or medical conditions that may have a genetic cause
- Children with developmental delays, birth differences or congenital conditions
- People with a strong family history of certain cancers, heart conditions or other hereditary diseases
- Couples planning a pregnancy who want to understand the risk of passing on genetic conditions
- Individuals who are pregnant and have risk factors identified through screening or family history
- People with relatives who have had genetic testing and were found to have a genetic mutation
A genetic counseling appointment can help determine whether testing is appropriate and which tests, if any, might be helpful. It's meant to support informed decision-making.
Benefits of genetic testing
Genetic testing can:
- Identify the cause of certain symptoms by diagnosing a genetic condition
- Provide insight into what to expect over time
- Guide treatment and management plans
- Support family planning
- Determine whether other family members may be at risk
How long will the appointment be?
A genetics appointment may take 60–80 minutes depending on your needs. Genetic conditions can affect multiple parts of the body, so the team often reviews your health history from birth as well as your family health history.
Who will I see at my appointment?
You may be seen by a genetic counselor alone or in collaboration with a geneticist, depending on the reason for your appointment.
A genetic counselor is a healthcare professional specially trained to help individuals and families understand genetic conditions, genetic testing and inherited health risks. They explain how conditions run in families, discuss the benefits and limitations of genetic testing, help interpret test results and provide emotional support and guidance to help people make informed medical and personal decisions.
A geneticist is a medical doctor with specialized training in genetics who diagnoses and manages genetic conditions. Geneticists evaluate patients, order and interpret genetic tests, make medical diagnoses, and guide treatment and long-term care. They work closely with genetic counselors as part of a team to provide comprehensive genetic care.
What to bring to your appointment
Bring:
- Any prior genetic test results from family members
- Your family health history, including diagnoses and ages at diagnosis
The more information you provide, the more accurate and helpful your visit will be.
How is genetic testing done?
Genetic testing can use:
- Blood samples
- Cheek swabs
- Saliva samples
For telemedicine visits, a sample collection kit can be mailed to your home. Testing can often be done the same day as your appointment, or you can choose to do it later.
Is genetic testing required?
No. Testing is always optional. The appointment is designed to help you understand your options and decide what feels right for you and your family.
Insurance and genetic testing coverage
Many insurance plans cover genetic testing, but coverage depends on:
- Medical history
- Type of test ordered
- Your insurance plan
Your genetic counselor will review costs and coverage during your visit.
How long does it take to get results?
Typical timeline: 2–8 weeks after the lab receives your sample. Results are shared in a follow-up visit or phone call, allowing your counselor or geneticist to explain results and discuss next steps
Common surprises about genetic testing
Many people are surprised that testing doesn't always provide a clear answer. That can still be helpful—ruling out conditions or confirming no genetic condition provides reassurance and peace of mind.
Preparing for your appointment: Key takeaways
- Gather family health history and prior test results
- Prepare questions for your counselor or geneticist
- Understand that testing is optional and meant to guide care
- Expect a 60–80 minute appointment
- Review insurance coverage with your counselor
Next steps
Talk to your Primary Care doctor about a referral or request an appointment. Knowing what to expect can make genetic counseling and testing feel less intimidating and more empowering.
